CRISPR revolutionised genetic engineering. Now University of Sydney scientists believe they’ve gone one step further.
University of Sydney researchers believe they may have developed a gene-editing tool even more accurate and flexible than the genetic engineering industry-revolutionising and now standard, CRISPR.
According to scientists at the university’s School of Life and Environmental Sciences, SeekRNA “sets the stage for a new era of genetic engineering”.
SeekRNA uses a programmable ribonucleic acid (RNA) strand that can directly identify sites for insertion in genetic sequences, simplifying the editing process and reducing errors.
“We are tremendously excited by the potential for this technology. SeekRNA’s ability to target selection with precision and flexibility sets the stage for a new era of genetic engineering, surpassing the limitations of current technologies,” said Dr Sandro Ataide.
“With CRISPR you need extra components to have a ‘cut-and-paste tool’, whereas the promise of seekRNA is that it is a stand-alone ‘cut-and-paste tool’ with higher accuracy that can deliver a wide range of DNA sequences.”
CRISPR relies on creating a break in both strands of target DNA, the double-helix genetic code of life, and needs other proteins or the DNA repair machinery to insert the new DNA sequence. This can introduce errors.
“SeekRNA can precisely cleave the target site and insert the new DNA sequence without the use of any other proteins,” said Dr Ataide.
“This allows for a much cleaner editing tool with higher accuracy and fewer errors.”
Gene-editing has opened completely new areas of research and application since the development of CRISPR more than 10 years ago. It has led to improvements in disease resistance in fruit and crops, reduced the cost and speed of human disease detection, helped in the search for a cure for sickle cell disease and allowed for the development of revolutionary cancer treatment known as (CAR) T-cell therapy.
“We are very much in the early days of what gene editing can do. We hope that by developing this new approach to gene editing, we can contribute to advances in health, agriculture and biotechnology,” said joint author Professor Ruth Hall from the University of Sydney.
SeekRNA is derived from a family of naturally occurring insertion sequences known as IS1111 and IS110, discovered in bacteria and archaea (cells without a nucleus). Most insertion sequence proteins exhibit little or no target selectivity, however these families exhibit high target specificity.
It is this accuracy that seekRNA has used to achieve its promising results to date.
Using the accuracy from this insertion sequence family, seekRNA can be modified to any genomic sequence and insert the new DNA in a precise orientation.
“In the laboratory we have successfully tested seekRNA in bacteria. Our next steps will be to investigate if the technology can be adapted for the more complex eukaryotic cells found in humans,” Dr Ataide said.
An advantage of the system reported in this study, published in Nature Communications, is that it can be applied using only a single protein of modest size plus a short seekRNA strand, to efficiently move genetic cargo. SeekRNA is made up of a small protein of 350 amino acids and an RNA strand of between 70 and 100 nucleotides.
A system of this size could be packed into biological nanoscale delivery vehicles (vesicles or lipid nanoparticles) for delivery to cells of interest.
Another point of differentiation is this technology’s ability to insert DNA sequences in the desired location by itself, a feat not possible with many current editing tools.
“Current CRISPR technology has limitations on the size of genetic sequences that can be introduced,” said University of Sydney research associate Rezwan Siddiquee, lead author of the paper. “This restricts the scope of application.”
Globally, other teams are pursuing similar research into the gene-editing potential of the IS1111 and IS110 family. However, Dr Ataide says they only have shown results for one member of the IS110 family and rely on a much larger RNA version. The team at Sydney is advancing its technique through direct laboratory sampling and application of the shorter seekRNA itself.